Clowns

 

Clowns

                                            Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons

Many people don’t like clowns. Some are actively scared by them.  A clown phobia is called coulrophobia and is more prevalent than some other fears, like arachnophobia or claustrophobia.

Traditionally, there are three major categories of clown to be seen in circuses, though some clowns, like Joseph Grimaldi, performed only on stage in pantomimes.

The whiteface clown is regarded as the superior clown, his face and neck completely masked in white greasepaint, ‘clown white’, the features painted on in red or black. He often wears a conical hat and a fitted, full sleeved costume with short trouser legs. The suit is usually colourful and elaborate and may be decorated with sequins. The clown in Pagliacci is a whiteface clown, the jocular exterior hiding the pain of his inner sorrow.

The Auguste or ‘red’ clown wears red or flesh-coloured makeup and outlines his eyes and mouth with white and paints other features in red or black. He wears baggy trousers in strident patterns and colours, oversized shoes, outrageous wigs and a bright red nose. He is ‘the fall guy’, the stooge to the whiteface clown. He is the one who receives a pie in the face or falls on his backside or has his clothes ripped off. He is the butt of every joke.

The third category is the character clown, who may support either of the other two clowns, depending on circumstances. He is cleverer than the Auguste clown but inferior to the whiteface clown. He is an eccentric version of any one of a number of standard characters, like a policeman, a housewife or a tramp. His make-up is flesh coloured and accessorised with such things as a false beard, big ears, huge glasses or an odd haircut.

Laurel and Hardy are examples of character clowns, though they relied on costume rather than make-up and bizarre accessories.

Marcel Marceau was not a circus performer and not traditionally a whiteface clown, though he adopted white make-up. He was a brilliant mime artist but also deserves to be remembered for his work in the French Résistance, saving at least seventy Jewish children from the Nazis.

I find circus clowns quite grotesque and not at all amusing, but am happy to watch Buster Keaton or the Marx Brothers, or any of the modern clowns.

Modern clowns include actors like Rowan Atkinson and Sacha Baron Cohen, though they may prefer to be known principally as actors, but then surely clowns are actors, too.

Karl Marx

 

Karl Marx

Karl Marx statue, Highgate Cemetery (East)

Most people have heard of Karl Marx. Some may even have read his writings, the most well-known of which are ‘The Communist Manifesto’ (1848) and ‘Das Kapital’ (1867-1894)

Marx and his wife had seven children, of whom only three survived into adulthood. One rather endearing trait was that all his daughters were given the first name of Jenny, in honour of his wife.

His imposing tomb in Highgate Cemetery in London, in an area reserved for atheists, bears the engraved message, ‘Workers of All Lands Unite’, often misquoted as ‘Workers of the World Unite.’ 

From left: Chico, Harpo and Groucho (seated).

Above two images courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Though he was one of nine children there is no truth in the belief that Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Gummo and Zeppo were in any way related to him. However, he had a sister who is remembered at the start of every race in the Olympics, indeed of every race ever run. From early childhood, children will have been apprised of her name. Like her famous brother, Onya will never be forgotten.